In the 11th century, the Seljuk Empire spread over much of the Middle East as far as Pakistan. In 1071, the Seljuk leader Arp Arslan destroyed the Byzantine army and conquered the holy cities of Mecca and Medina. In 1073, the conquest of the city of Jerusalem followed. This was at the time in Islamic...
In the 7th and 8th century, an Islamic empire was established on the territory of what is now the Middle East, North Africa, the Spanish Peninsula and Afghanistan.
But by the end of the 9th century, this empire began to crumble. In particular, the ongoing conflict between Sunnis and Shiites shook the empire, and the emergence...
In the early Middle Ages, when most of Central and Western Europe was dominated by the Frankish Empire and the Near East, North Africa and the Spanish Peninsula were held by the Byzantine Empire, a small group spread fear and terror throughout the coastline: the Vikings.
The first raids began at the end of the eighth...
While the Arab-Islamic empire ruled in the Middle East, North Africa and the Spanish peninsula, the Franks empire stretched across Central and Western Europe.
Drawn by many internal disputes between the various noble houses and the majordomo (janitor), the area was continuously expanded by the respective rulers of the Franks. Particularly noteworthy here is the victory...
In the 7th century, a new religion emerged in the Middle East in the territory of Arabia: Islam.
This not only meant that first united the otherwise hostile Arab tribes under an ideal, but also to the fact that the Arab empire not only subjugated almost the entire Eastern Roman Empire but also penetrated as far...
While the Western Roman Empire had already decayed, the Eastern Roman Empire survived for centuries. Part of this remainder was the Byzantine Empire, which moved geographically in the direction of Asia and the inhabitants, however, always understood as a Roman and continued to retain the old legionary structures even after the collapse of the Roman...
The time of 27 BC until the year 180 is often referred to as Pax Romana (Roman Peace). During this time, the Roman Empire hardly pursued plans for expansion and had to deal only with a few suppression of uprisings inside or securing the borders.
But already in this period Rome, especially the Roman Legion, were...
The period of the Roman civil wars extends to the years 133 to 30 BC, in which the Roman Republic first came into a serious crisis and finally went down as a form of state. What began with the failed Gracchic reforms and the "party struggles" between optimates and popularities ended with the establishment of...
The origin of Rome is shrouded in legends even under the Romans. This is how the city was founded in 753 BCE, but it took centuries to become an empire of the former small town.
At the beginning of Rome as a city, the Etruscans were the rulers of Italy. Rome was at that time one...
King Philip II of Macedon developed after his takeover in 359 BC, the backward state of Macedonia within a short time to a leading power in Greece and laid the foundation for the future empire of his son Alexander of Macedon or known as Alexander the Great which is about Greece, the Middle East to...
